By Matt Hadro
Washington D.C., Oct 8, 2019 / 13:40 pm
The bishops of the United States have urged the Supreme Court not to "redefine a fundamental element of humanity" by reinterpreting sex descrimination laws.
The bishops' intervention came as the court heard oral arguments Tuesday in a trio of cases that could decide whether or not federal workplace nondiscrimination law extend to protect sexual orientation or gender identity.
Two of the cases presented on Oct 8- Bostock v. Clayton County, Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda-involve employees who were fired because of their sexual orientation. A third, Harris Funeral Homes, Inc. v. EEOC, involves a man who lost his job after announcing his intention to undergo so-called gender transition surgery.
During the session, the justices considered whether the cases constituted sex discrimination or discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. They also considered whether or not Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which forbids sex discrimination in the workplace, also applies protections to sexual orientation and gender identity.
If the Court interprets that sex discrimination protections extend to sexual orientation or gender identity, the decision would have a widespread effect on cases throughout the country.
Leading U.S. bishops urged the court not to redefine "sex" to mean "sexual orientation" or "gender identity."
In a joint statement issued on Tuesday, Bishop Robert McManus, of Worcester, who chairs the USCCB's Religious Liberty committee, Bishop Frank Dewane, of Venice, chairman of the Domestic Justice and Human Development committee, and Bishop James Conley, of Lincoln, who chairs the Subcommittee for the Promotion and Defense of Marriage, said that the law must be interpreted in line with the meaning of the text.
"Words matter," the bishops said. "'Sex' should not be redefined to include sexual inclinations or conduct, nor to promulgate the view that sexual identity is solely a social construct rather than a natural or biological fact."
"Title VII helps ensure the dignified treatment of all persons, and we as Catholics both share and work toward that goal," the bishops wrote.
"Redefining 'sex' in law would not only be an interpretive leap away from the language and intent of Title VII, it would attempt to redefine a fundamental element of humanity that is the basis of the family, and would threaten religious liberty."
Franciscan University of Steubenville president Fr. Dave Pivonka, TOR, also stated in an amicus brief submitted to the Court in the Harris case that, if the Court defined "sex" to mean "gender identity," then that could open the door to the school being forced to change its sex-specific dorms, bathrooms, and locker rooms, and its medical personnel having to perform objectionable medical procedures.
Among the issues discussed was the issue of sex-specific bathrooms, and whether non-discrimination statutes could require transgender persons to be able to use the bathroom of the gender opposite their biological sex.
Justice Sonia Sotomayor said that if the Harris case was decided in favor of Stephens, that question was "inevitable."
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg said multiple times during arguments that most people would consider it injurious having to share a bathroom with a person of a different biological sex.
Another topic discussed was men identifying as women being allowed to participate in women's sports. Justice Samuel Alito said that debate would be revisited in the future.
Chief Justice John Roberts noted that several states have enacted statutes forbidding discrimination against persons based on their sexual orientation or gender identity, but many of them have also carved out religious exemptions. There are currently 23 states which have enacted such anti-discrimination laws.
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Solicitor General Noel Francisco said that with the Employee Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) and related legislation, Congress and states have found religious exemptions when forbidding discrimination on basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. However, if the Supreme Court redefines existing nondiscrimination law in Title VII, he said, they would be giving "complete victory" to one side in the debate without letting the public debate the matter and settle it-as they have done already at the state level.
During Wednesday's arguments, Justice Stephen Breyer told John Bursch, vice president of appellate advocacy for Alliance Defending Freedom who represented Harris Funeral Home, that the "other side" would argue that the Civil Rights Act was passed as part of the civil rights movement.
This entire movement, he continued, fought for protection for those who had suffered grievous discrimination; that same protection would have been extended to others who have suffered discrimination, namely individuals identifying as LGBTQ.
The court, Breyer summarized as the position counter to Bursch's, has moved away from that interpretation over the years, towards a strict textual interpretation of sex discrimination. Breyer asked how that would not be a departure from the meaning of Title VII that it extended civil rights protections to vulnerable individuals.
Justice Sonia Sotomayor followed by asking "at what point" the court would step in to prevent "invidious discrimination" against whole groups of people, who are fired simply because of "who they are" and "merely because they're a suspect class to some people."
"We can't deny that homosexuals are being fired merely for being who they are and not because of religious reasons," Sotomayor said.
"At what point does a court say, 'Congress spoke about this, the original Congress who wrote this statute told us what they meant. They used clear words. And regardless of what others may have thought over time, it's very clear that what's happening fits those words.' At what point do we say we have to step in?" she asked.
Justice Samuel Alito said that, although Congress enacted the Civil Rights Act in 1964 and forbade sex discrimination in the workplace, it had not updated that language to include protections for sexual orientation or gender identity.
Congress had not yet passed the Equality Act, Alito said, which would make sexual orientation and gender identity a protected class. If the Court were to change the interpretation of Civil Rights Act to include protections for sexual orientation and gender identity, "we will be acting exactly like a legislature."
In the Harris case, Justice Roberts asked if the funeral home's sex-specific dress policy presented discrimination on the basis of sex, or on the basis of Mr. Stephens' transgender status.
David Cole, representing the emplyee fired by Harris Funeral Home, said that in his case a sex-specific dress code requiring him to dress like a man when he identified as a woman was harmful. Title VII was supposed to make one's sex "irrelevant" to their success at work, he said, but Stephens was fired for being "insufficiently masculine," which is "sex discrimination," he said.
Justice Neil Gorsuch acknowledged that the textual evidence of the case is "close," and asked if a judge should consider the consequences of "massive social upheaval" of interpreting new protections in an existing law.
